The timeline of COVID-19 indicated that the first case was identified in China in December 2019 before spreading to every corner of the Globe, causing the most unprecedented public health crisis in recent decades [1]. In Sudan, the first case was reported on the 13th of March 2020, and by May 2021 the infection curve showed approximately 33,104 confirmed cases, 2,349 deaths, and 26,795 recovered cases [2].

The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant burden on all aspects of life, not limited to population health. Its impact extended to economic slowdown, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and people’s jobs and livelihoods. As a developing country, Sudan’s healthcare system is already flooded by structural problems and this situation has been aggravated by COVID-19 [3]. Sudan’s healthcare system is characterized by limited resources, and the available information showed that the overall government health expenditure is very low and the health sector is under-funded [4].

Healthcare Professions (HCPs) were at the heart of the storm of the COVID-19 pandemic, facing multiple challenges in treating patients with COVID-19: reducing the spread of infection and developing prevention strategies. Healthcare workers were more likely to contract SARS-CoV-2 compared to the general population. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in some countries, female healthcare workers reported higher rates of mental health problems and burnout compared to male healthcare workers [5]. Furthermore, female health workers have double the rate of COVID-19 infections compared to their male colleagues [6].

Work-life balance (WLB) is defined as a high level of role engagement in professional activities and personal commitments with minimal conflict between social roles in work and non-work-life. Normally, the term encompasses three dimensions: time balance, involvement balance, and satisfaction balance [7]. The concept also includes burnout prevention and stress management as the level of productivity is increasingly associated with time to relax and recharge [8]. Stress at work is the psychological and physical state that results when a person’s resources cannot adapt or cope with the pressures of the situation [9]. Poor work settings can be accompanied by unhealthy consequences, including marital conflicts, shortened life expectancy, and immune system impairment [10, 11]. Quality of life (QoL) is the person’s perception of his/her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems [12].

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the perceived QoL is not only the absence of physical disease but extends to the evaluation of an individual’s psychological, social, and environmental conditions [13]. QoL is measured using eleven indicators: education, wealth, the environment, employment, physical and mental health, safety, recreation and rest time, social belonging, religious beliefs, security, and freedom [13]. Improving QoL reflects in the employees, organization, and consumers and leads to improving the quality of care, strengthening organizational commitment, and increasing productivity [13].

Recent studies on QoL documented the strong association between QoL and the mental health of HCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic [14–17]. HCPs are dealing with a large number of confirmed or suspected cases under massive psychological and physical stress [18–20]. Increasingly published reports postulated that mental health among HCPs was affected and the prevalence of depression and anxiety among HCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic was (37%) and (40%), respectively [21]. A study conducted in 34 Chinese hospitals measured the psychological reactions of healthcare workers and found high rates of sadness (50%), anxiety (42%), insomnia (34%), and distress (72%) [22]. Similarly, rates of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in healthcare workers ranged from (8.90% to (50.45) %, (10.4%) to (44.6%), and (32%) to (71.5%), respectively, in a recent systematic review [23]. On the other hand, work-life balance is closely correlated with burnout and mental health [19, 20, 24]. Burnout of HCPs and reduction in quality of life is related to an increased number of medical errors [25]. Some studies have found that work-life balance is linked to negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and mental health issues [26, 27].

There is a significant amount of literature available on COVID-19 and its impact on Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Work-Life Balance. However, there are still some gaps in the research regarding the relationship between these three factors during COVID-19 among HCPs. Further, there is a scarcity of published reports on work-life balance, stress, and quality of life among healthcare workers in Sudan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the main objective of this research was to investigate the work-life balance, mental health, and quality of life and their associated factors among HCPs in Sudan.

Of the 480 anticipated responses, a total of 430 HCPs were included in the analysis providing a response rate of 89.6%. The background characteristics of the HCPs are presented in Table1. Most participants were female (N = 276, 64.2%), single HCPs (N = 365, 84.9%), in the age group (25–34) years (N = 285, 66.3%) The majority of healthcare professionals were Physicians (N = 293, 68.1%). Most of them had less than 4 years of experience (N = 330, 76.7%) and were working Morning shifts (N = 249, 57.9%). One-fifth of HCPs reported verbal violence during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 98, 22.8%) and only (N = 47, 10.9%) were Tobacco users.

Table 2 summarizes the mean scores for the four domains of WHOQoL, WLB, and GAD-7 according to HCPs’ background characteristics. The WLB mean for the HCPs was [17 ± 5.3, 95% CI = 16.6–17.6], compared with [8 ± 5.2, 95% CI = 7.1–8.2] for the GAD-7 total score. The same Table showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean scores for social relationship QoL domain according to the variable years of experiences. Moreover, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean scores according to age groups in the environment domain, GAD-7, and WLB. The type of violence mean scores also differ significantly (p < 0.05) across the four WHOQol domains, WLB and GAD-7. The mean scores according to Tobacco use were also significantly different for WLB and Physical QoL domain (p < 0.05).

Marital status, profession, or occupation, working shifts, workplace violence, type of violence and Tobacco use, were positively associated worse WLB (p < 0.05 for all). Further, experiencing workplace Violence, and certain types of violence were also positively associated with moderate to severe anxiety among the study participants (p < 0.05 for all). There were more female than male respondents with poor quality of life as well as more pharmacists than other occupations reporting workplace violence, but without documenting a statistically significant association (p > 0.05 for all) (Table 3). As shown in the same Table, the proportion of HCPs with poor HRQoL was 33.5% (95% CI 29.1–38.0), while the percentage of those reporting worse WLB was 52.6% (95% CI 47.8–57.2). HCPs reporting symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety accounted for 35.8% (95% CI 31.4–40.5) of the study participants.

Figure 1 presents the work-life balance dimensions among the healthcare Professions. Most of the study participants (80%) reported a poorly balanced diet, while three quarters suffered sleep difficulty. Two-thirds (66%) of HCPs arrived home late from work, and 57% skipped a meal during COVID-19. HCPs who worked through a shift without any breaks accounted for over half (56%) of the respondents. Regarding the work-life environment, it was reported that 41% of HCPs felt frustrated by technology.

Table 4 provides The Multiple Linear Regression model for the factors that predict the overall HRQoL scores among the HCPs. The model shows that WLB and (GAD-7) scores significantly predict the level of HRQoL (p < 0.001). The results indicate that an increase in the Anxiety scores (GAD-7) by one unit is associated with a decreased HRQoL (β= 0.831, p < 0.05). The table further indicated that other healthcare professionals exhibited lower HRQoL scores than the physicians (p < 0.05). Moreover, female HCPs also exhibited lower HRQoL scores than the males (p < 0.05). Married HCPs were associated with higher levels of HRQoL (β = 4.91, p < 0.05) compared with single HCPs. Non-smokers were associated with a higher level of HRQoL (β = 4.91, p < 0.05) than smokers.

This study tried to investigate the QoL, mental health, and work-life balance among Sudanese healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first national study to assess the experiences of HCPs in Sudan. The COVID-19 Pandemic was unprecedented and affected the healthcare systems in all countries. Healthcare workers were at the frontline of the storm and sacrificed their lives and welfare.

The results revealed moderate to severe anxiety among 35.8% of the study participants. This high level of anxiety among HCPs is consistent with some existing literature [30]. A recent study conducted in Khartoum state in Sudan revealed moderate to severe anxiety in 34.9% of respondents [31]. A wealth of research suggests that excessive work pressure is linked to mental disorders, anxiety, insomnia, distress, and fear of infection [32–34]. A systematic review and meta-analyses revealed that the overall prevalence of stress among HCPs reaches 45% [35]. The mean score of the psychological domain was almost 56, which indicates worse psychological health quality of life. These results indicated that a considerable percentage of HCPs suffered from mental health disorders. This finding is consistent with many published studies during COVID-19 [36–38]. Many factors contribute to the psychological health quality of life, including great pressure at work, life-saving decisions given limited knowledge about the new epidemic, limited resources, and fear of harming family and friends with COVID-19 infection.

The analysis revealed a poor work-life integration in more than half (60.2%) of the HCPs, who expressed dissatisfaction with work-life integration (WLI). This result is consistent with the Khartoum state study [31] and international research [39]. The epidemic created a negative social environment for HCPs including fear, anxiety, and concern for both patients and their loved ones [40]. Some suffered from low social acceptance and high workload that affected their work-family integration [33].

Healthcare professionals experience traumatic events during the COVID-19 pandemic, which make them prone to stress and anxiety. In contrast to many studies [41–43], this research did not document a significant difference in anxiety according to gender, as severe anxiety was documented among 35.1% of males and 36.2% of females. A similar study conducted in Brazil showed that anxiety was more prevalent among females, who were also more likely to develop depression, anxiety, and insomnia than male workers [41].

A large proportion of the study participants reported poor quality of life (33.5%). It is well documented that the healthcare environment is a major public health concern that affected the health of HCPs during COVID-19. A recent review conducted by Kandula and Wake, 2021 concluded that there is a greater impact on the QoL of health professions which is attributed to many issues such as disturbances in physical and mental health [14].

In this study, age and gender were found to be an important factor associated with HRQoL. We found that female HCPs exhibited lower HRQoL scores than their male counterparts. This finding is in line as a study in frontline Brazilian healthcare workers [41] which showed that anxiety was more prevalent among females. The explanation for that according to many systematic reviews reported a higher risk of female HCWs in developing depression, anxiety, and insomnia compared to male workers [5, 14].

One interesting finding was that other healthcare professionals exhibited lower HRQoL scores than the physicians. This finding disagrees with Chalhub, et al (2021), who found that physicians had lower HRQoL. Moreover, the HCPs who experience any type of violence have low HRQoL compared to those who do not [41]. Workplace violence is always associated with dissatisfaction and increased stress [3]. Like most literature, our research revealed the negative association between mental health and HRQoL. Health-related quality of life was worse among HCPs who experienced high stress [17].

Although this research is the first to deal with HCPs quality of life, mental health, and work-life-balance using a relatively representative sample from four states of Sudan, it has some limitations. First, we used a cross-sectional design, so the associations in this research should be interpreted carefully. Second, the self-reported data may affect the accuracy of the study outcomes; however, the level of education in our population and the high response rate may mitigate potential sampling bias. The study did not include important variables, such as direct contact with patients, previous infection of COVID-19, and extra work hours. Further studies are recommended on these issues. Finally, during the final stage of the sampling procedures, the research relied on non-random sampling, which ultimately had an impact on the reliability of the research outcomes.

In conclusion, one-third of the healthcare Professionals in Sudan reported poor Health-related Quality of life-based on the WHO scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also documented that large segments of HCPs have an unequal life-work balance. At the same time, there is a strong association between mental health and HRQol. Health institutions must implement health intervention programs to address mental health concerns among HCPs and promote better-coping strategies in the workplace during pandemics. Further, at a macro level, there is an urgent need for a health policy to address these factors to improve the quality of health of the HCPs and hence improve the standard of patient care in Sudan.