AUTHOR=Pennisi Flavia , Lunetti Carlo , Barbati Chiara , Viviani Luca , D’Amelio Anna Carole , Pereira Anabela da Conceição , Correia Tiago , Odone Anna , Signorelli Carlo 
  
TITLE=Interventions Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in the WHO European Region and in North America (United States and Canada): A Systematic Review
  
JOURNAL=Public Health Reviews
  
VOLUME=Volume 47 - 2026
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.ssph-journal.org/journals/public-health-reviews/articles/10.3389/phrs.2026.1609375
  
DOI=10.3389/phrs.2026.1609375
  
ISSN=2107-6952
  
ABSTRACT=ObjectiveVaccine hesitancy threatens optimal immunization coverage. This review systematically identified and evaluated interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy in the WHO European Region and in North America (United States and Canada).MethodsA systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, and Embase from inception to 17 January 2024. Eligible studies evaluated interventions targeting vaccine hesitancy. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment followed the methodological guidance of the Cochrane Handbook, and reporting adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024565588). Interventions were categorized as educational, communicational, policy-based, organizational, or digital.ResultsA total of 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. Effective approaches included multicomponent strategies, community engagement, reminder and recall systems, educational campaigns, and legislative measures. Digital interventions yielded promising but heterogeneous results. The effectiveness of interventions was often enhanced when tailored to specific population needs and local contexts.ConclusionMultifaceted interventions adapted to the sociocultural context appear most effective in reducing vaccine hesitancy in Europe and North America. Further high-quality studies are needed to refine implementation strategies and evaluate long-term impacts.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024565588, identifier CRD42024565588.